Placards displayed by Marchers during Aurat March 2019

The Aurat March ( ur, or , English: Women's March) is an annual socio-political demonstration in

Pakistan Pakistan ( ur, ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ur, , label=none), is a country in South Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 24 ...

i cities such as

Lahore Lahore ( ; pnb, ; ur, ) is the second most populous city in Pakistan after Karachi and 26th most populous city in the world, with a population of over 13 million. It is the capital of the province of Punjab where it is the largest city. ...

Hyderabad Hyderabad ( ; , ) is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Telangana and the ''de jure'' capital of Andhra Pradesh. It occupies on the Deccan Plateau along the banks of the Musi River (India), Musi River, in the northern part ...

Sukkur Sukkur (; ) is a city in the Pakistani province of Sindh along the western bank of the Indus River, directly across from the historic city of Rohri. Sukkur is the third largest city in Sindh after Karachi and Hyderabad, and 14th largest ci ...

Faisalabad Faisalabad (; Punjabi/ ur, , ; ), formerly known as Lyallpur ( Punjabi, Urdu: لائل پور), named after the founder of the city, but was renamed in 1977 in honour of late King Faisal of Saudi Arabia. It is the 3rd largest city of Pak ...

Multan Multan (; ) is a city in Punjab, Pakistan, on the bank of the Chenab River. Multan is Pakistan's seventh largest city as per the 2017 census, and the major cultural, religious and economic centre of southern Punjab. Multan is one of the List ...

Quetta Quetta (; ur, ; ; ps, کوټه‎) is the tenth List of cities in Pakistan by population, most populous city in Pakistan with a population of over 1.1 million. It is situated in Geography of Pakistan, south-west of the country close to the ...

Karachi Karachi (; ur, ; ; ) is the most populous city in Pakistan and 12th most populous city in the world, with a population of over 20 million. It is situated at the southern tip of the country along the Arabian Sea coast. It is the former cap ...

Islamabad Islamabad (; ur, , ) is the capital city of Pakistan. It is the country's ninth-most populous city, with a population of over 1.2 million people, and is federally administered by the Pakistani government as part of the Islamabad Capital T ...

and

Peshawar Peshawar (; ps, پېښور ; hnd, ; ; ur, ) is the sixth most populous city in Pakistan, with a population of over 2.3 million. It is situated in the north-west of the country, close to the International border with Afghanistan. It is ...

to observe

International Women's Day International Women's Day (IWD) is a global holiday celebrated annually on March 8 as a focal point in the women's rights movement, bringing attention to issues such as gender equality, reproductive rights, and violence and abuse against wom ...

. The first Aurat Marches were begun by women's collectives in parallel with the Pakistani #MeToo movement on International Women's Day. The first march was held on 8 March 2018 in

. Marches were organized in 2019 in Lahore and Karachi by Hum Auratein (We the Women, a women's collective) and elsewhere in the country, including Islamabad, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Quetta, Mardan, and Faisalabad, by

Women Democratic Front Women Democratic Front (WDF) is an independent socialist-feminist organization based in Pakistan. It was founded in the federal capital Islamabad on March 8, 2018, by hundreds of delegates from Sindh, Balochistan, Punjab and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. ...

(WDF),

Women's Action Forum Women's Action Forum (WAF) is a women's rights organization in Pakistan. History Women's Action Forum (WAF) was established in Karachi in September, 1981 The march was endorsed by the Lady Health Workers Association and included representatives of a number of women's-rights organizations. The march calls for greater accountability for

violence against women Violence against women (VAW), also known as gender-based violence and sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV), are violent acts primarily or exclusively committed against women or girls, usually by men or boys. Such violence is often consi ...

and supports women who experience violence and harassment at the hands of security forces, in public spaces, at home, and in the workplace. Women and men carry posters with slogans such as ''Ghar ka Kaam, Sab ka Kaam'' ("Housework is everyone's work"), and ''Mera Jism Meri Marzi'' ("My body, my choice") became a rallying cry.

Manifesto

The march

manifesto A manifesto is a published declaration of the intentions, motives, or views of the issuer, be it an individual, group, political party or government. A manifesto usually accepts a previously published opinion or public consensus or promotes a ...

demands economic justice, including implementation of labor rights and the Protection Against Harassment of Women at the Workplace Act, 2010, recognition of women's unpaid contributions to the "care economy", and provision of

maternity leave Parental leave, or family leave, is an employee benefit available in almost all countries. The term "parental leave" may include maternity, Paternity (law), paternity, and adoption leave; or may be used distinctively from "maternity leave" and ...

and daycare centers to ensure women's inclusion in the

labor force The workforce or labour force is a concept referring to the pool of human beings either in employment or in unemployment. It is generally used to describe those working for a single company or industry, but can also apply to a geographic regio ...

. It also demands access to safe air and drinking water, protection of animals and

wildlife Wildlife refers to domestication, undomesticated animal species (biology), species, but has come to include all organisms that grow or live wilderness, wild in an area without being species, introduced by humans. Wildlife was also synonymous ...

, recognition of women's participation in the production of food and cash crops, access to a fair judicial system, the inclusion of women with disabilities and the transgender community, reproductive justice, access to public spaces, inclusion in educational institutions, the rights of religious minorities, promotion of an anti-war agenda, and an end to

police brutality Police brutality is the excessive and unwarranted use of force by law enforcement against an individual or a group. It is an extreme form of police misconduct and is a civil rights violation. Police brutality includes, but is not limited to, ...

and

forced disappearance An enforced disappearance (or forced disappearance) is the secret abduction or imprisonment of a person by a state or political organization, or by a third party with the authorization, support, or acquiescence of a state or political organiza ...

Themes

According to Zuneera Shah, the etymology of the word ''aurat'' is misogynistic and it has controversial roots in Arabic. Due to this, many Indian, Iranian, and Arab feminists find the word problematic. Western dominance of feminism has encouraged a dislike of the movement in countries such as Pakistan. Localization of the struggle for women's rights is important to South Asian activists relating to the feminist movement. Shah says that with the Aurat March, concepts such as ''pidar shahi'' (

patriarchy Patriarchy is a social system in which positions of dominance and privilege are primarily held by men. It is used, both as a technical anthropological term for families or clans controlled by the father or eldest male or group of males a ...

) are receiving a wider circulation. The theme of the 2018 march was "Equality", and the theme of the 2019 march was "Sisterhood and Solidarity". According to

Nighat Dad Nighat Dad ( ur, ; born ) is a Pakistani lawyer and Internet activist who runs the not-for-profit organisation Digital Rights Foundation. Her work in the field of IT security has earned her many international awards. Early life and education ...

, "The agenda of this march was to demand resources and dignity for women, for the transgender community, for religious minorities and those on the economic margins but more importantly to acknowledge that women’s emancipation is inherently linked with the improvement of all mistreated groups and minorities". The themes of the 2020 march were ''khudmukhtari'' (autonomy) and violence, sexual and economic.

2018 and 2019 marches

Women displaying placards during Aurat March 2019

Hundreds of signs at the march highlighted

fundamental rights Fundamental rights are a group of rights that have been recognized by a high degree of protection from encroachment. These rights are specifically identified in a constitution, or have been found under due process of law. The United Nations' Sustai ...

such as access to education and employment. "

Mera Jism Meri Marzi ( ur, ; ) is a slogan used by Feminism in Pakistan, feminists in Pakistan to demand Bodily integrity, bodily autonomy and protest Violence against women, gender-based violence. The slogan was popularized during the Aurat March in Pakistan, whic ...

" (My body, my choice) became the best-known slogan of the march. Other slogans included "Why are you afraid of my self-determination?", "A woman's right to autonomy over her own body", and "In fact, everyone should get to decide for themselves what happens to their body". Slogans in the 2018 march included " Our rights are not up for grabs and neither are we", "Girls just wanna have fundamental human rights", "

Transwomen A trans woman or a transgender woman is a woman who was assigned male at birth. Trans women have a female gender identity, may experience gender dysphoria, and may transition; this process commonly includes hormone replacement therapy and so ...

are women; shut up!", ''"Tu kare tou Stud, Mai Karun tou

slut ''Slut (archaic: slattern)'' is an English-language term for a person, usually a woman or girl, who is considered to have loose sexual morals or who is sexually promiscuous. It is usually used as an insult, sexual slur or offensive term of d ...

"'' ("If you do it you're a stud, but if I do it I'm a slut"), "Safe-street program for women", "Stop being

menstrual The menstrual cycle is a series of natural changes in hormone production and the structures of the uterus and ovaries of the female reproductive system that make pregnancy possible. The ovarian cycle controls the production and release of eggs a ...

-phobic", ''"

Consent Consent occurs when one person voluntarily agrees to the proposal or desires of another. It is a term of common speech, with specific definitions as used in such fields as the law, medicine, research, and sexual relationships. Consent as und ...

ki Tasbeeh Rozana Parhen"'' ("Ask for consent every time") and "

Paratha Paratha () is a flatbread native to South Asia, prevalent throughout the modern-day nations of India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Maldives, Afghanistan, Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore, Mauritius, Fiji, Guyana, Suriname, and Trinidad a ...

rolls, not

gender role A gender role, also known as a sex role, is a social role encompassing a range of behaviors and attitudes that are generally considered acceptable, appropriate, or desirable for a person based on that person's sex. Gender roles are usually cent ...

s". In March 2019, signs appeared saying ''"Jab tak aurat tang rahay gi, jang rahay gi, jang rahay gi"'' ("Men of quality will never be afraid of equality") and "Keep your dick pics to yourself". Another had a drawing of a

vagina In mammals, the vagina is the elastic, muscular part of the female genital tract. In humans, it extends from the vestibule to the cervix. The outer vaginal opening is normally partly covered by a thin layer of mucosal tissue called the hymen ...

and two

ovaries The ovary is an organ in the female reproductive system that produces an ovum. When released, this travels down the fallopian tube into the uterus, where it may become fertilized by a sperm. There is an ovary () found on each side of the body. T ...

with the slogan, "Grow a pair!" Other signs read, "If you like the headscarf so much, tie it around your eyes"; a girl sitting with her legs spread and ''"Lo Beth Gayi Sahi Se"'' ("Sit like a man"), and ''"Nazar teri gandi aur purdah mein keroun"'' ("Why must I wear a veil to keep you from ogling?") ''"Aaj waqai maa behn ek ho rahi hai"'' depicts all women coming together without differences. One sign said that perhaps because women are no longer ''

tawaif A ''tawaif'' was a highly successful entertainer who catered to the nobility of the Indian subcontinent, particularly during the Mughal Empire, Mughal era. The tawaifs excelled in and contributed to music, dance (mujra), theatre, and the Urdu l ...

s'', some consider every independent woman one. Others read, "My shirt is not short, it's your mindset that is narrow" and "Oh, I am sorry. Does this hurt your male ego?" "These are my streets too" claimed public spaces. In her article, Ailia Zehra analyzes a sign reading: "If Cynthia does it, she’s applauded. If I do it, I’m the villain." ( Cynthia D. Ritchiean American living in Pakistantweeted a photo of herself on a bicycle to encourage women to use public spaces, unaware of her perceived privileged status as a white woman.

, who organized the women's march in

, said that people were angry about the posters because most Pakistanisespecially menwere not yet ready to allow the marchers

freedom of choice Freedom of choice describes an individual's opportunity and autonomy to perform an action selected from at least two available options, unconstrained by external parties. In politics In the abortion debate, for example, the term "freedom of ch ...

. Dad said that topics such as women's sexuality and their rights to their own bodies are being discussed for the first time because of the march, but "Online harassment has gone too far in terms of death and rape threats to the organizers and also to the marchers." According to Nisha Susan, the slogan ''"Lo Baith Gayi Theek Se"'' ("See, I'm sitting properly now") is not about woman-spreading but is an opposition to the constant policing of women's bodies. Opponents called the marchers " vulgar" opportunists who had transgressed conservative Pakistani values and replaced a struggle for rights with an anti-Islamic agenda. Feminist writer Sadia Khatri describes the narrative in an article, saying that posters advocating education, inheritance, and marital rights receive less attention. Feminism based on respectability is not feminism, and gatekeeping encourages oppression. In the article "Womansplaining the Aurat March: Dear men, here’s why Pakistan’s women are asserting their rights", Rimmel Mohydin tells men to "smile, you'll look prettier that way." Mohydin notes that women are the subject of sexist jokes, but are considered offensive if they make sexist jokes: "Every wisecrack, every sassy one-liner, every appealing slogan masked years and years of invisible pain that women have suffered". A woman can tell a man that she won't warm his bed if he doesn't warm his own food, but what upsets men is that she could laugh at his expense. Mohydin writes, "It is difficult to know where to place your feet when you find that the backs that you have been walking on are now standing up. That's why the author's compassion is with misogynist politicians." Referring poster slogan "Keep your dick pics to yourself ... What seems to have affronted the male collective the most is the shattering of a fantasy world where women enjoy being subjected to unsolicited pictures of male genitals ... Nobody seems to say anything to the sender, but the reluctant receiver is apparently the problem. Either she likes it (which, to them, makes her a 'slut') or she doesn't (which offends them). So as usual, women cannot win ... Are they upset at the loss of this opportunity to titillate women with their phallus? Why are they all shrivelling up? Have protesting women given them performance anxiety? ... The placards were a mirror and instead of taking this moment as an opportunity to introspect, they have decided to beat their chest instead. Not their slain bodies, not their acid-burnt faces, not their immobility, not their lack of representation, not the dearth of affordable housing, not the moral policing their choices and bodies are subjected to, not the denial of female education, not the constant threat of sexual harassment and onslaught, not the social structures that cut women’s potential in half, not the exploitation, not the objectification, not the fact that for many, women are still not human". The 2019 March was followed by mass cyberbullying against attendees of the March. Slogans on placards brought by attendees to the March were doctored and replaced with controversial statements to malign the movement and its aims. According to a
article
by Zuneera Shah, many attendees went through considerable cyberharrassment after the March, to the extent of receiving violent threats inciting violence and rape against attendees. One Marcher's face and placard were also featured without their consent on national television during a segment defaming Aurat March which aired on HumTV, one of the leading national television channels. An organizer of Aurat March Lahore added, "No amount ofbacklash can take away the magic that happens on that day. It fuels us all for the entire year." Film star

Shaan Shahid Armaghan Shahid PP ( ur, ; born 27 April 1971), better known by his stage names Shaan Shahid ( ur, ) or Shaan, is a Pakistani actor, producer, model, writer and director. Shaan has established himself as one of the most popular leading acto ...

tweeted that the posters did not represent Pakistani culture or values. Shahid was criticized for his films, which sexualize women and reduce them to props emphasizing his character's masculinity, and defended his position as freedom of expression. Actress

Veena Malik The ''veena'', also spelled ''vina'' ( sa, वीणा IAST: vīṇā), comprises various chordophone instruments from the Indian subcontinent. Ancient musical instruments evolved into many variations, such as lutes, zithers and arched harps.< ...

was criticized for tweeting that the march had "brought humiliation to hewomen of Pakistan." Poet

Kishwar Naheed Kishwar Naheed ( ur, ) (born 1940) is a feminist Urdu poet and a writer from Pakistan. She has written several poetry books. She has also received awards including Sitara-e-Imtiaz for her literary contribution towards Urdu literature. Early l ...

said in a video, "The next time you make such slogans, remember your culture, your traditions." ''

Guardian Guardian usually refers to: * Legal guardian, a person with the authority and duty to care for the interests of another * ''The Guardian'', a British daily newspaper (The) Guardian(s) may also refer to: Places * Guardian, West Virginia, Unite ...

'' journalist Mehreen Zahra-Malik called some of the backlash frightening; a film student reported that a group of boys

sexually harassed Sexual harassment is a type of harassment involving the use of explicit or implicit sexual overtones, including the unwelcome and inappropriate promises of rewards in exchange for sexual favors. Sexual harassment includes a range of actions fro ...

her 16-year-old sister online and threatened to

rape Rape is a type of sexual assault usually involving sexual intercourse or other forms of sexual penetration carried out against a person without their consent. The act may be carried out by physical force, coercion, abuse of authority, or ag ...

her for posting support for the march on

Instagram Instagram is a photo and video sharing social networking service owned by American company Meta Platforms. The app allows users to upload media that can be edited with filters and organized by hashtags and geographical tagging. Posts can ...

. Nighat Dad, photographed with a sign reading "Divorced And Happy", was sexually harassed and threatened with sexual violence. Women participating in the march received threats of physical and sexual violence from social-media users after posting photographs of the posters. According to the

Human Rights Commission of Pakistan The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan ( ur, ) (HRCP) is an independent, democratic non-profit organisation. Founded in 1987, it is one of the oldest human rights organisations in the country. HRCP is committed to monitoring, protecting a ...

, about 500 women per year are the victims of

honour killings An honor killing (American English), honour killing (English in the Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth English), or shame killing is the murder of an individual, either an outsider or a member of a family, by someone seeking to protect wha ...

. On 20 March 2019, the

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (; ps, خېبر پښتونخوا; Urdu, Hindko: خیبر پختونخوا) commonly abbreviated as KP or KPK, is one of the Administrative units of Pakistan, four provinces of Pakistan. Located in the Geography of Pakistan, ...

Assembly protested against the Aurat March.

Muttahida Majlis-i-Amal The Muttahida Majlis–e–Amal (MMA; Urdu: , "United Council of Action") is a political alliance consisting of conservative, Islamist, religious, and far-right parties of Pakistan. Naeem Siddiqui (the founder of Tehreek e Islami) proposed s ...

legislator Rehana Ismail presented a resolution saying that women participating in the march were holding "obscene" placards and calling the marchers' demands for female empowerment "un-Islamic and shameful." After lukewarm opposition, the resolution passed unanimously. One popular poster called for men to warm their own food; another asked them to find their own socks. A third read, "I'll warm your food but you warm your own bed." Nida Kirmani, a feminist sociologist at the

Lahore University of Management Sciences Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS) () is a private research university, located in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. In 1983, Syed Babar Ali, a renowned businessman in Pakistan, recognized the shortage of qualified managers in the co ...

, said that such posters received the harshest reactions because they challenged power in a household. In a ''

New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid d ...

'' article, Mohammed Hanif said that men in Pakistan who claim to protect women actually guard their own interests; Hanif did not understand how women holding signs could be seen as a threat to the national moral order. According to newspaper editor Sabahat Zakariya, the slogans trigger masculine anxiety.

Social-media hashtags

A social-media hashtag of the 2018 march was #KhaanaKhudGaramKarLo (#Heat your own meal). #WhyIMarch was a hashtag for the 2019 march, with many celebrities, human-rights activists and others sharing their stories with the hashtags #HumAurtein #auratmarch #AuratMarch2019 #JaggaDein. Before the 2020 march, the hashtags #AuratMarch2020 and #MeraJismMeriMarzi appeared on social media.

2020 march

Men also present in support of the Aurat March 2020

The 2020 Aurat March was held on 8 March Karachi, Hyderabad, Lahore and Quetta, and the

Aurat Azadi March The Aurat Azadi March ( ur, , lit=Women's Emancipation March) was started in 2018 in Pakistan by members of Women Democratic Front (socialist-feminist organization), other organizations like Women's Action Forum (Women's rights organization), Elimi ...

was held in Islamabad, Sukkur and Multan.

Lahore

Artist Shehzil Malik began collecting poster-design submissions on 8 March. Participants in the march created a mural of posters submitted by volunteers in Lahore's Hussain Chowk, which was

destroyed Destroyed may refer to: * ''Destroyed'' (Sloppy Seconds album), a 1989 album by Sloppy Seconds * ''Destroyed'' (Moby album), a 2011 album by Moby See also * Destruction (disambiguation) Destruction may refer to: Concepts * Destruktion, a ...

within hours. Janita Tahir said that march participants were being threatened by conservative men, and the threats needed to be taken seriously. A petition was filed in the Lahore High Court by the Judicial Activism Council chairman to stop the march, saying that it was "against the very norms of Islam". The petition was rejected by the court's chief justice, who emphasized that freedom of expression could not be banned. Marchers gathered outside the Press Club and walked along Egerton Road to Aiwan-e-Iqbal. Participants had a number of placards. Despite a social-media storm before the march, many men were present in support. Participants delivered speeches and held placards and banners displaying slogans decrying gender-based violence, misogyny and patriarchy. A resolution was submitted to the Punjab Assembly by Kanwal Liaquat (MPA- PMLN) demanding an end to all forms of gender discrimination and condemning underage marriage.

Quetta

The

march, which began and ended at the Quetta Press Club, was organized by the Women's Alliance. In addition to social-discrimination issues, the secret installation of cameras in

University of Balochistan The University of Balochistan (UB) (Urdu: جامعہ بلوچستان; Balochi: بلوچستان ء یونیورسٹی ), also known as Balochistan University, is a public university located in the downtown area of Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. ...

washrooms and student meeting areas the previous year was highlighted.

Performance piece and song

"Tum ho rapist", an Urdu version of " A Rapist in Your Path" revised to reflect the Pakistani experience, was performed. Canadian-Pakistani singer Sophia Jamil (also known as Fifi) released her song, "Mera Jism Meri Marzi" ("My Body, My Choice"), on YouTube. Some sang

Hum Dekhenge Hum Dekhenge ( ur, - In english ''We shall see'') is a popular Urdu nazm, written by the Pakistani poet Faiz Ahmad Faiz. Originally written as ''Va Yabqá Vajhu Rabbika (And the countenance of your Lord will outlast all)'', it was included ...

a 1980s protest song against repression.

Reaction

The march was again criticized, particularly for its slogans (''

'' in particular), but supporters pointed out the

double standard A double standard is the application of different sets of principles for situations that are, in principle, the same. It is often used to describe treatment whereby one group is given more latitude than another. A double standard arises when two ...

in Pakistani society. Pro- and anti-march sentiments were exchanged in mainstream media, and social media followed suit. #فحاشی_مارچ_نامنظور ("unacceptable, vulgar march") was circulated by a small number of conservative groups, including groups affiliated with the ultra-conservative Tehreek-e-Labaik Pakistan opposed to the march. In April 2019, cleric

Jawad Naqvi Syed Jawad Naqvi ( ur, ; born 1952) is a Pakistani philosopher, scholar, Religious Leader, Quranic interpreter and theologian of Twelver Shia. Early life and family details He was born on 5 March 1952 in a village named Thipra Syedan, of Har ...

had called march organizers "the most evil of all women". Controversy increased before the 2020 march. Ultra-conservatives maintained Islam is already a feminist religion and instead of making additional demands,

Muslim women The experiences of Muslim women ( ''Muslimāt'', singular مسلمة ''Muslimah'') vary widely between and within different societies. At the same time, their adherence to Islam is a shared factor that affects their lives to a varying degree ...

needed to return to a more-modest culture. A ''haya'' (modesty) march was organized with the slogan "Our bodies, Allah's choice". Former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's Muslim League party (PML-N) did not publicly oppose the Aurat March, but cautioned marchers not to violate Islamic cultural markers. Prime Minister

Imran Khan Imran Ahmed Khan Niazi ( ur}; born 5 October 1952) is a Pakistani politician and former Cricket captain who served as the 22nd Prime Minister of Pakistan from August 2018 to until April 2022, when he was ousted through a no-confidenc ...

's government, ruled by his

Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf The Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI; ur, , ) is a political party in Pakistan. It was founded in 1996 by Pakistani cricketer-turned-politician Imran Khan, who served as the country's prime minister from 2018 to 2022. The PTI is one of the thre ...

party (which had yielded to ultra-conservative pressure a month earlier, opposing an Islamabad march), formally supported the march but equated its slogans with national honor. After the march, Khan criticized the inequity of the Pakistani educational system. The left-of-center

Pakistan Peoples Party The Pakistan People's Party ( ur, , ; PPP) is a centre-left, social-democratic political party in Pakistan. It is currently the third largest party in the National Assembly and second largest in the Senate of Pakistan. The party was founded ...

was more welcoming of the march. PPP

Senator A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: ''senex'' meaning "the el ...

Mustafa Nawaz Khokhar accused Khan and his party of considering the ultra-conservative, PML-N and PTI positions a ''de facto'' anti-woman alliance. The PPP supported the march unconditionally. Janita Tahir said that Aurat March participants were asking why Khan, a vocal proponent of international human rights, is relatively silent about the half of the Pakistani population which is in a weaker position In her article, Farzana Rasheed asked why Islamic republicanism and freedom are mutually exclusive. Rasheed noted the Khan-conservative alliance's inconsistency in condoning extremist violence while claiming to be a democratic, peaceful nation. According to Sohail Akbar Warraich, Pakistan's right-wing press aggressively examines the Aurat March for

LGBTQ ' is an initialism that stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender. In use since the 1990s, the initialism, as well as some of its common variants, functions as an umbrella term for sexuality and gender identity. The LGBT term is a ...

-friendly and pro-choice elements; "not in line with Pakistan's Islamic social fabric" and being "obscene and vulgar", are common conservative

dog whistle A dog whistle (also known as silent whistle or Galton's whistle) is a type of whistle that emits sound in the ultrasonic range, which humans cannot hear but some other animals can, including dogs and domestic cats, and is used in their training ...

s. Warraich wrote that early in the

COVID-19 pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The novel virus was first identif ...

, the religious right was in retreat; that phase was short-lived, however, and the government has resumed pressuring women's NGOs (as it had done since the Aurat Marches began).

Posters and slogans 2020

The 2020 march's slogans included "Saying ''

Mashallah ''Mashallah'' ( ar, مَا شَاءَ ٱللَّٰهُ, '), also written Masha'Allah, Maşallah (Turkey and Azerbaijan), Masya Allah (Malaysia and Indonesia), Maschallah (Germany), and Mašallah ( Bosnia), is an Arabic phrase that is used to expre ...

'' does not make your harassment ''

halal ''Halal'' (; ar, حلال, ) is an Arabic word that translates to "permissible" in English. In the Quran, the word ''halal'' is contrasted with ''haram'' (forbidden). This binary opposition was elaborated into a more complex classification kno ...

''", "Domestic violence kills more than

corona Corona (from the Latin for 'crown') most commonly refers to: * Stellar corona, the outer atmosphere of the Sun or another star * Corona (beer), a Mexican beer * Corona, informal term for the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which causes the COVID-19 di ...

", "I march so one day my daughters won't have to", "Imagine not loving the women in your life enough to advocate for their rights". Men held signs saying, "I am surrounded by the opposite gender and I feel safe. I want the same for them", "Proud husband of a feminist, proud father of a feminist, proud feminist", and "I will be a proud ''jorru ka Ghulam''". ''Jorru ka Ghulam'' ("wife's slave") is a

pejorative A pejorative or slur is a word or grammatical form expressing a negative or a disrespectful connotation, a low opinion, or a lack of respect toward someone or something. It is also used to express criticism, hostility, or disregard. Sometimes, a ...

term for a caring husband.

2021 march

The organizers of the Lahore march decided on "Women’s Health Crisis" as its theme to draw attention to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on Pakistani women, and selected a poster by Shehzil Malik depicting the health concerns of women due to their environment. The Karachi march organizers staged a

sit-in A sit-in or sit-down is a form of direct action that involves one or more people occupying an area for a protest, often to promote political, social, or economic change. The protestors gather conspicuously in a space or building, refusing to mo ...

Frere Hall Frere Hall ( ur, ) is a building in Karachi, Pakistan that dates from the early British colonial era in Sindh. Completed in 1865, Frere Hall was originally intended to serve as Karachi's town hall, and now serves as an exhibition space and li ...

, with opposition to patriarchal violence its main theme. A manifesto demanded an end of the two-finger test and more female and transgender representation on hospital medico-legal teams. An Aurat Foundation report said that despite continued under-reporting of violence against women and girls, reported cases from 25 Pakistani districts increased to 2,297 in 2020 (during the pandemic). Fifty-seven percent of the cases were in

Punjab Punjab (; Punjabi: پنجاب ; ਪੰਜਾਬ ; ; also romanised as ''Panjāb'' or ''Panj-Āb'') is a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in South Asia, specifically in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising ...

, and 27 percent were in

Sindh Sindh (; ; ur, , ; historically romanized as Sind) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan. Located in the southeastern region of the country, Sindh is the third-largest province of Pakistan by land area and the second-largest province ...

. The reported crimes included honor killings, murder, rape, suicide, acid-burning, kidnapping, child and forced marriage, dowries and inheritance. According to Shehzil Malik, Pakistan has Asia's highest rate of breast cancer and 52 percent of women of reproductive age are anemic. The march posters were intended to initiate conversations about a pandemic of toxic patriarchal norms, and the health metaphor highlighted the anguish of structural sexism and exploitation in Pakistani societya patriarchal society which prioritizes profit over care for Pakistani women face. Conservatives led by the president of a local trade group in

Mardan Mardān (Pashto and ; Urdu ; Pashto: ) is a city in the Mardan District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. Located in the Valley of Peshawar, Mardan is the second-largest city of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (after Peshawar). It is a fast-growing ...

(a township in the Peshawar region) held a counter-protest before the Aurat March.

Firdous Ashiq Awan Firdous Ashiq Awan (Punjabi, ur, , born 11 January 1970) is a Pakistani politician from Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf. She has served as Special Assistant to Prime Minister on Information and Broadcasting from 2019 to 2020, Federal Minister for N ...

, special assistant to the chief minister of Punjab, said that the

government wants to build a society with gender equality and women's rights in line with Islamic principles and values. On 8 March in Lahore, women wrote their experiences of harassment and discrimination on a " #MeToo blanket"; women in Karachi displayed their laundry, with instances of harassment and discrimination written on them. That year's placards were devoted to gender-based violence, sexual harassment, rape, and female infanticide. #PatriarchykaPandemic (Pandemic of Patriarchy) was a new social-media hashtag. Motivational songs such as "Kurye meray des diye" were performed at the Lahore march and shared on social media. Women in Karachi protested with slogans such as ''"Jab tak aurat tang rahegi, jang rahegi jang rahegi"'' ("The struggle will continue until women rise up"). Some slogans evoked popular Bollywood music. One, ''"Tere liye hee tou signal tor taar ke aaya toxic masculinity chhor chhaar ke"'' ("I jumped all the red lights for you and gave up my toxic masculinity"), was based on the Hindi song lyric ''"Tere liye hee tou signal tor taar ke aaya Dilli wali girlfriend chhor chhaar ke"'' ("I jumped all the red lights for you, leaving my girlfriend back in Delhi"). To the woman holding the sign, a man having friendships with other women was less of a concern than his misogyny would be. Another placard read, ''"Yunhi koi creep mil gaya tha sare raah chalte chalte"'' ("A creep showed up while I was on my way").

Ali Gul Pir Ali Gul Pir ( ur, علی گل پیر; born 14 February 1986) is a Pakistani rapper, television and voice actor, Brand ambassador and stand-up comedian. He achieved popularity with his first single, "Waderai Ka Beta", a comedy song about politica ...

released the satirical song ''"Tera Jism, Meri Marzi"'' ("Your Body, My Choice") in response to critics of the Aurat March slogan. Lyrics such as ''"Tera Jism, Meri Marzi. Chup aurat achi bolnay waali gandi"'' ("Your body, my choice; a silent woman is good, and a woman who speaks is bad") and ''"Aese kesay tune socha sab aesi wesi hain, jesi teri niyat hai, sab dikhti hi wesi hain"'' ("How did you think that all women are 'like that'? You see women as your intention and motive") expose and question misogyny and patriarchy.

Social-media disinformation

Although opponents of the Aurat March accused its organizers on social media of flying a French flag, the flag of the

is red, white, and purple. It was also claimed that the organization supports a foreign agenda and is funded by foreign organizations. Critics of the march reportedly released a doctored video to discredit the movement and expose its supporters to

blasphemy Blasphemy is a speech crime and religious crime usually defined as an utterance that shows contempt, disrespects or insults a deity, an object considered sacred or something considered inviolable. Some religions regard blasphemy as a religiou ...

charges.

Manifestos

The social-media campaign and

manifesto focused on violence against women, such as legislation discriminating against women and trans people, acid attacks, and forced disappearances. The Lahore "Feminist Manifesto on Healthcare" called for equal participation in health and medical policymaking, medical research, and medical trials. Other points included concerns about climate change, harassment and violence against female healthcare workers, the elimination of chemical castration as a punishment for rape, and a halt to virginity tests.

2022 march

Explaining the reason of continuation of Aurat March in 2022 Saman Rizwan says that, in comparison to 2020, the gender gap in Pakistan increased by 0.7 percentage points during the year 2021.

Backlash and debates in media and social media

According to Hafiz Naeem ur Rehman, the president of Jamat-e-Islami (JI) (a religiously right wing conservative political party) they acknowledge women issues like inadequate wages need for separate public transport for women, but they strongly oppose objectionable slogans in the Aurat March. Maulana Rashid Mehmood Soomro explained

Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam ( ur, جمیعت علماءِ اسلام, abbreviated as JUI) was founded by Shabbir Ahmad Usmani as an offshoot of the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind (JUH) on 26 October 1945. History The original Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind was formed in Bri ...

(JUI-F)'s objections to those slogans in Aurat March which they think to be contrary to their Islamic ideology and allegedly promote vulgarity. And added threats to stop Aurat March by force if it includes slogans not acceptable to them. According to Mufti Muneeb-ur-Rehman, earstwhile Chairman Ruet-e-Hilal Committee of Pakistan, Islam already provides for rights for women in four corners of

Sharia Sharia (; ar, شريعة, sharīʿa ) is a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition. It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam and is based on the sacred scriptures of Islam, particularly the Quran and the H ...

, hence there is no need of women's Aurat March which according to them promotes western culture and agenda. According to Ghazala Shafiq, one of Aurat March organizer, unfair gendered treatment to women and minorities in Pakistan is contrary to constitution of Pakistan therefore Aurat March movement is relevant and Aurat March receive criticism and threats from various right wing factions since Aurat March slogans contain unlikable truths in them. According to Pakistan's minister for religious affairs and interfaith harmony, Noorul Haq Qadri, Islamic societies are the best in protecting

women’s rights Women's rights are the rights and entitlements claimed for women and girls worldwide. They formed the basis for the women's rights movement in the 19th century and the feminist movements during the 20th and 21st centuries. In some countries, ...

, Qadri says Aurat March banners, placards and slogans do not match with the Pakistan's social, political and religious standard imbibed in the collective thought of the Pakistani people, and that individual or civil society participating in Aurat March ought not to get leeway to undermine the religious injunctions and instead Aurat March be celebrated as Hijab day to focus discrimination by Hindu extremists against Muslim minorities in India. Later Information Minister Fawad Chaudhry distanced Government of Pakistan saying that governments does not have any right to police people's point of views and clothing. According to Haseeb Hanif, during anti-2022 India (Karnataka) hijab row pro-hijab march held by Pakistan's right wing political party

Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F) Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam Pakistan (Fazl) also Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F) or simply as Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (Urdu: ; ; JUI-F) is a Deobandi Sunni political party in Pakistan. Established as the ''Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam'' in 1945, it is the result o ...

while demanding

for Muslim girl students in India, asking whether human rights defenders are blind, the leaders of the JUIF simultaneously termed

women's rights Women's rights are the rights and entitlements claimed for women and girls worldwide. They formed the basis for the women's rights movement in the 19th century and the feminist movements during the 20th and 21st centuries. In some countries, ...

demands in Aurat March Pakistan as obscene and in the same voice opposed ensued yearly Aurat March in Pakistan to be held on 8 March 2022 and threatened that shall be stopped by them forcefully with sticks and batons. According to Abbas Nasir Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf run government of Pakistan and

oppose Aurat March since though may be they are different and competitive political parties, but are united in their deep-seated

misogyny Misogyny () is hatred of, contempt for, or prejudice against women. It is a form of sexism that is used to keep women at a lower social status than men, thus maintaining the societal roles of patriarchy. Misogyny has been widely practiced fo ...

and

. Nasir cites recent (2022) instances including the one instance of tribal retribution in which two young women, were raped and paraded in their village because a couple from their tribe got married of their own choice. Nasir says Pakistan's misogynist and

patriarch The highest-ranking bishops in Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy, the Catholic Church (above major archbishop and primate), the Hussite Church, Church of the East, and some Independent Catholic Churches are termed patriarchs (and in certai ...

al clergy fails to understand that Pakistan's women through their Aurat March are not looking for patronizing favour but are striving for legitimate equal rights and freedom from unjust status quo which undermines women's legitimate equal rights and persecution going on since centuries in form of honor killings to molestation, to denial of legitimate right and freedom and respect for their personal choices. Daily Times editorial 'Fear of the Aurat March' says that the federal minister Noorul Haq Qadri is not bringing any constructive contribution to the table by positioning Hijab as an antithesis to a Pakistan wide legitimate women's movement and that Qadri is failing to introspect within while on one hand

cherry picking Cherry picking, suppressing evidence, or the fallacy of incomplete evidence is the act of pointing to individual cases or data that seem to confirm a particular position while ignoring a significant portion of related and similar cases or data th ...

the predicament of some Muslim women, on the other hand Qadri seems to condone all unfortunate goes right underneath his watch is very unbecoming of both as a state representative as well as a leading voice of religion. The Daily Times author Aliya Anjum's article title advices men to have Hijab Day for themselves and points out right to public space for women according to Hadith literature. The Daily Times also says that there are too many women's issues which need attention of Pakistan authorities as well as society still the editorial believes Aurat March should prefer less controversial slogans. According to Farah Khwaja as evident from foreboding disheartened responses of Pakistani men to Aurat March, which are predisposed for continuation of moral policing on clothing choices of Pakistani women in public spaces and are ready to contend whether or not those comply to their orthodox hunch of ‘modesty’. Khwaja says the simple steps of women marching unitedly demanding for their fundamental rights leads to so much backlash and hate in Pakistan. Possibly the same men who are asking for rights to wear Hijab in other nations should also amplify their voices when women’s rights are undermined in Pakistan itself. Farah Khwaja says while Pakistanis slam other nations for their drawbacks, they also ought too take notice of, how Pakistan as a nation is failing its own women and religious minorities also. Pakistan's senator

Sherry Rehman Sherry Rehman ( ur, ; born 21 December 1960) is a Pakistani politician, journalist and former diplomat who has been the member of the Senate of Pakistan since 2015. She was the first female Leader of the Opposition in the Senate from March to ...

said that on one hand Pakistanis are condemning Indian attitude and on other hand conspiring to ban unarmed women's march in Pakistan and denying Pakistani women of their freedom and rights on International Women’s Day itself. According to Safia Bano as Aurat March date comes near hostility and trolling begins, Pakistani women's demands in manifesto are disregarded instead focus is lead towards few banners because demands regarding day today problems do not make interesting news. According to the Dawn Images dated 19 February 2022; many users on social media criticized Noorul Haq Qadri for inexpedient attempts to divert attention from legitimate demands for rights by women of Pakistan. The International News in its editorial says that while in high-profile case of Noor Mukadam justice has been served, women of Pakistan deserve consistency in justice, and the editorial points out same time

Qandeel Baloch Fouzia Azeem ( ur, ; 1 March 1990 – 15 July 2016), known by her stage name Qandeel Baloch ( ur, ), was a Pakistani model, actress, social media celebrity and activist. She was the country's first social media celebrity. Azeem rose to promi ...

’s brother is acquitted and religious affairs minister also orthodox politicians of JUI-F are talking against organizing of Aurat March.

Marches amidst intimidation and attacks

According to the Dawn Images dated 9th March, negative misinformation campaigns against Aurat March along with Whats App messages urging family elders to restrict their family women from participating in Aurat March proved to be an impediment for many women. According to The Friday Times News Desk, during organization of 2022 International Women's Days Marches in Pakistan's various cities, at some places Marches had to be ended early due to pressure tactics by government administration, police and judiciary were not cooperative enough and intimidating attacks by conservative opposing religious and political groups. District administration of Islamabad reportedly mislead desirous attendees about venue of March, ordered participants to disperse, threatened operators of sound system and even switched off microphones of participating women. Reportedly in a hate speech, a religio political leader in the counter protest rally at Islamabad publicly prayed for same fate for Aurat March participants as of a murdered victim Noor Mukaddam sans any action from police against the hate speech. According to news reports in Friday Times, Daily Time and The Dawn, in Lahore authorities ultimately provided some protection but seemed not keen enough in providing requisite protection and security to the Aurat March. Aurat March women marched through Lahore's Egerton Road sloganeering and holding banners and posters in their hand demanding inclusivity, equal rights , security for women. According to Daily Times news report approximately 2000 women attended 2022 Lahore Aurat March. At the starting point march organizers staged exhibit called 'Journalism Must Be Ethical', made of cardboard cutouts depicting those kind of media journalist who said to have misrepresented or misreported Aurat March, harassed marching women or posted images of the marchers with

clickbait Clickbait is a text or a thumbnail link that is designed to attract attention and to entice users to follow that link and read, view, or listen to the linked piece of online content, being typically deceptive, sensationalized, or otherwise misl ...

intention. The cut-outs were holding banners quoting the journalists they had said or represented and a QR code to access the alleged misinformation spread by them. News report of Sanniah Hassan for Baghi TV expressed apprehension saying such inclusion of cutouts jeopardizes legitimate interests of their and other journalists. At the end of Aurat March Lahore women sang feminist songs like ‘Rapist Ho Tum’ and Tappay songs in classical folklore form with feminist overtones. And at the exit of the march some of the participant's

kurta A ''kurta'' is a loose collarless shirt or tunic worn in many regions of South Asia, (subscription required) Quote: "A loose shirt or tunic worn by men and women." Quote: "Kurta: a loose shirt without a collar, worn by women and men from South ...

s were displayed inscribed with ages when they were harassed and their relation with the harasser. A counter-protests claiming to protect of Islamic values, called women's “hijab marches”, were also taken out by in Lahore similar to the ones in Karachi and Islamabad. According to ''

The Friday Times ''The Friday Times'' (TFT) is a Pakistani English-language independent newsweekly, based in Lahore, Pakistan. History and profile ''The Friday Times'' was first published in May 1989. TFT's founder-editor Najam Sethi and publisher Jugnu Mohsin ...

'', despite some barricades maintained by police In Lahore, ‘Haya March’ (Morality March), passed in close proximity of mere 200 meters and men from Haya March attacked women in Aurat March and authorities asked women of Aurat March to close their march abruptly.

2022 Manifestos

Aurat March Lahore has made 17 demands through its 2022 manifesto. The 2022 Lahore manifesto theme talks of focus on ‘Asal Insaaf’ i.e. 'Reimagining Justice’ which wishes structural revision of the state and society’s conception of justice and addressing systemic inadequacies, expresses concern over discriminatory towards gender and ethnic minorities in the Pakistan's judiciary and excessive focus on carceral punishment to combat crime. The 2022 Lahore manifesto demand includes more financial support to ‘survivor-centric’ welfare organizations, universal basic income and care work income for all, decriminalisation of defamation laws. While the Lahore manifesto expressed concerns over compromising of individual privacy and liberty through 'safe city project' (which provides for China like integrated monitoring of public places with 3D CCTV cameras), the demand came for criticism claiming safe city project is likely to benefit for safety of women in public places. 2022 Aurat March Karachi 'Mehnatkash Aurat Rally' ('working women's rally') manifesto makes various demands for women in unorganized sector including security, minimum wages and also asks improved provisions for

Women's shelter A women's shelter, also known as a women's refuge and battered women's shelter, is a place of temporary protection and support for women escaping domestic violence and intimate partner violence of all forms. The term is also frequently used to ...

homes with ‘peace, bread and equality' as main slogan.

Impact

According to Moneeza Ahmed, the Aurat March's primary benefit is to initiate a nationwide dialogue about women's-rights issues;

feminism Feminism is a range of socio-political movements and ideologies that aim to define and establish the political, economic, personal, and social equality of the sexes. Feminism incorporates the position that society prioritizes the male po ...

has become part of mainstream discourse in Pakistan. Ahmed says that the march has brought discussion of issues of

consent Consent occurs when one person voluntarily agrees to the proposal or desires of another. It is a term of common speech, with specific definitions as used in such fields as the law, medicine, research, and sexual relationships. Consent as und ...

and bodily and sexual autonomy to the forefront. Ahmed and Ajwah say that women-related laws have much room for improvement, and the Aurat March increases the pressure for change; the reporting of institutional Me Too issues and awareness of issues such as the two-finger test has improved. According to Dr. Nida Kirmani though incidences like a TikTok creator woman getting

sexually assaulted Sexual assault is an act in which one intentionally sexually touches another person without that person's consent, or coerces or physically forces a person to engage in a sexual act against their will. It is a form of sexual violence, which ...

in precincts of Pakistan's prominent national monument the

Minar-e-Pakistan Minar E Pakistan ( ur, , literally "Tower of Pakistan") is a tower located in Lahore, Pakistan. The tower was built between 1960 and 1968 on the site where the All-India Muslim League passed the Lahore Resolution (which was later called the Pak ...

in Lahore on Pakistan's (2021) Independence Day exposes rife violence against women, such gender-based violence is not new in Pakistan but getting more media and social media attention and this has not limited in the virtual realm for example, after the Minar-e-Pakistan incident, young women and men held demonstrations on the same place where the Tik Toker lady had been assaulted a week before, in an attempt to manifest women’s right to be present in public spaces. According to Neelam Yousaf, irrespective of one agrees or hates, Aurat March is having revolutionary impact and is succeeding in initiating a conversation and consciousness around women's rights in Pakistan and Pakistani women are striving to achieve equal rights.

Academic studies

According to Lorna Stevens, Olga Kravets, Pauline Maclaran, Aurat March started since 2018

is now an annual protest in Pakistan. As per

linguistic analysis In the study of language, description or descriptive linguistics is the work of objectively analyzing and describing how language is actually used (or how it was used in the past) by a speech community. François & Ponsonnet (2013). All acad ...

of Abgeena Riaz Khan, Aziz Ahmad, Rab Nawaz Khan, Usman Shah and Itbar Khan, the phrase “aurat march,” contains a Urdu word along with English morpheme is an example of Intra-Sentential Switching. Ina Goel classifies Aurat March as integral part of global

Fourth-wave feminism Fourth-wave feminism is a feminist movement that began around 2012 and is characterized by a focus on the empowerment of women, the use of internet tools, and intersectionality. The fourth wave seeks greater gender equality by focusing on gende ...

. According to Malik Afzal, Muhamad Pakri, Nurul Abdullah (2021), the narrative of honour and decency is used by centers of patriarchal powers in Pakistan to suppress the narrative of

women’s empowerment Women's empowerment (or female empowerment) may be defined in several ways, including accepting women's viewpoints, making an effort to seek them and raising the status of women through education, awareness, literacy, and training.Kabeer, Naila ...

that emancipate in the form of the Aurat March in Pakistan. Pakistani woman needs to be accepted as woman and orthodox thought in Pakistan about female body is due for reexamination.

Bibliography

* Mehreen Qaisar , Contemporary Pakistani women's movement and dilemma of the Pakistani society. (November 2021) Conference: Gender And Women's Studies '21 - VI. International Interdisciplinary Conference On Gender And Women'S Studies Proceedings At: İstanbul (Turkey), Women’s Leadership Programmes: A Path to Positive Thinking? * Khan, Ayesha. The Women's Movement in Pakistan: Activism, Islam and Democracy. United Kingdom, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2018. * Feminism, Postfeminism and Legal Theory: Beyond the Gendered Subject?. United Kingdom, Taylor & Francis, 2018. * Shaikh-Farooqui, Amneh. Fearless: Stories of Amazing Women from Pakistan. India, Penguin Random House India Private Limited, 2020. * ''From Terrorism to Television: Dynamics of Media, State, and Society in Pakistan''. Milton Park:

Taylor & Francis Taylor & Francis Group is an international company originating in England that publishes books and academic journals. Its parts include Taylor & Francis, Routledge, F1000 (publisher), F1000 Research or Dovepress. It is a division of Informa ...

, 2020. * Chapter5 Pakistan:Digital Justice Ed.:Vogelstein, Rachel B., and Stone, Meighan. Work: Awakening: #MeToo and the Global Fight for Women's Rights. United States, PublicAffairs, 2021. *"The Aurat March" - Shama Dosa (chapter 23), ''Routledge Handbook of Gender in South Asia''.

Milton Park Milton Park is a mixed use business and technology park in Oxfordshire, England, operated by MEPC plc. It is just south of the village of Milton, about west of Didcot. It is on the site of a former Ministry of Defence depot between the A34 ...

: Taylor & Francis, 2021. *Chapter 12, A Cartographic Journey of Race, Gender and Power: Global Identity. United Kingdom, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2021. *Afzal, Malik Haroon; Pakri, Muhamad Rashidi Mohd; and Abdullah, Nurul Farhana Low (2021). Is Women’s Empowerment a Thucydides’ Trap for Patriarchy in Pakistan? The Aurat (Woman) March-2020 and Bina Shah’s Before She Sleeps. ''Journal of International Women's Studies'', 22(9), 111-127 *Daanika R. Kamal
Networked Struggles: Placards at Pakistan’s Aurat March
''Feminist Legal Studies, (15 December 2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10691-021-09480-4'' *Aaisha Salman. "The West and the Feminist: Contemporary Feminist Activism in Pakistan and the Politics of National Culture ". ''Kohl: a Journal for Body and Gender Research'' Vol. 8 No. 1 (24 January 2022): pp. 52–66. (Last accessed on 12 March 2022). Available at: https://kohljournal.press/west-and-feminist *Shirin Zubair, Mera Jism Meri Marzi : Framing the contestations of Women's Rights in Pakistan, pp 307–325 in 'Global Contestations of Gender Rights Ed.: Alexandra Scheele, Julia Roth, Heidemarie Winke' ISBN 9783837660692 Publishers: Bielefeld University Press *Sonia Mukhtar, Shamim Mukhtar, Waleed Rana, A Public Health Perspective of “My Body, My Choice” in Aurat March of Pakistan: A Crisis of Marital Rape During COVID-19 Pandemic, January 18, 2022 , Sage Journals https://doi.org/10.1177/10105395211072500

References

External links

{{commons category-inline Women's movements based in Pakistan Women's rights in Pakistan Feminism in Pakistan Feminist movements and ideologies